The Ambiguous Loss Inventory Plus (ALI+): Introduction of a Measure of Psychological Reactions to the Disappearance of a Loved One.

BACKGROUND: The disappearance of a significant person is an ambiguous loss due to the persistent uncertainty about the whereabouts of the person. Measures specifically capturing the psychological consequences of ambiguous loss are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to develop the Ambiguous Loss Inventory Plus (ALI+) and evaluated its suitability for use with relatives of missing persons. METHODS: ALI+ items were generated based on established measures for prolonged grief symptoms and literature on psychological responses to ambiguous loss. Eight relatives of missing persons (three refugees, five non-refugees) and seven international experts on ambiguous loss rated all items in terms of understandability and relevance on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very well). RESULTS: On average, the comprehensibility of the items was rated as high (all items ≥ 3.7). Likewise, all items were rated as relevant for the assessment of common responses to the disappearance of a loved one. Only minor changes were made to the wording of the items based on the experts' feedback. CONCLUSIONS: These descriptive results indicate that the ALI+ seems to cover the intended concept, thus showing promising face and content validity. However, further psychometric evaluations of the ALI+ are needed.

Ecological Grief as a Response to Environmental Change: A Mental Health Risk or Functional Response?

The perception of the impact of climate change on the environment is becoming a lived experience for more and more people. Several new terms for climate change-induced distress have been introduced to describe the long-term emotional consequences of anticipated or actual environmental changes, with ecological grief as a prime example. The mourning of the loss of ecosystems, landscapes, species and ways of life is likely to become a more frequent experience around the world. However, there is a lack of conceptual clarity and systematic research efforts with regard to such ecological grief. This perspective article introduces the concept of ecological grief and contextualizes it within the field of bereavement. We provide a case description of a mountaineer in Central Europe dealing with ecological grief. We introduce ways by which ecological grief may pose a mental health risk and/or motivate environmental behavior and delineate aspects by which it can be differentiated from related concepts of solastalgia and eco-anxiety. In conclusion, we offer a systematic agenda for future research that is embedded in the context of disaster mental health and bereavement research.

The Effects of Traumatic and Multiple Loss on Psychopathology, Disability, and Quality of Life in Iraqi Asylum Seekers in the Netherlands.

Emerging evidence suggests that the loss of loved ones under traumatic circumstances is highly prevalent among refugees and asylum seekers. We evaluated the effects of traumatic and multiple losses of family members and friends on psychopathology, disability, and quality of life in Iraqi asylum seekers in the Netherlands, and investigated mediation of these effects through psychopathology. Respondents (N = 294) completed structured Arabic interviews. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The loss of a loved one was reported by 87.6% of the sample. Traumatic and multiple losses of family members independently predicted psychopathology, taking the effects of other traumatic events, postmigration stressors, and sociodemographic characteristics into account. Effects of traumatic and multiple losses on quality of life and disability were either partially or fully mediated by psychopathology. These findings highlight the need to evaluate and treat the effects of the loss of loved ones when working with asylum seekers and refugees as well as to incorporate grief-related psychopathology in diagnostic classifications.

Day patient treatment for traumatic grief: preliminary evaluation of a one-year treatment programme for patients with multiple and traumatic losses.

Background: Bereaved individuals who have lost a loved one under traumatic circumstances can develop symptoms of Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder (PCBD) and/or Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This is particularly common in refugees, as they frequently have been confronted with multiple traumatic losses. For patients with severe PTSD and traumatic grief a treatment programme was developed, embedding individual traumatic grief focused therapy in a group-based multidisciplinary day patient treatment programme. The day patient treatment comprised a weekly five-hour programme consisting of three phases with a duration of four months each. Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and potential effectiveness of the treatment programme. Method: Data were analyzed from 16 participants treated between October 2013 and March 2014. PTSD severity and PTSD/PCBD diagnoses were measured during the initial and final phases of treatment using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV (CAPS) and the Traumatic Grief Inventory Self Report (TGI-SR). One clinical case is presented in more detail. Treatment attendance was also registered and therapist satisfaction was evaluated in a focus group. Results: Thirteen patients (81%) completed the treatment. Each day of the treatment programme was attended by a mean of 76% of the participants. In the focus group, therapists noted symptom reduction in their patients and they therefore regarded Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy for Traumatic Grief (BEP-TG) as an effective therapy for their patients. During treatment, significant decreases in PTSD severity as well as diagnosable PTSD and PCBD were observed. Conclusions: Results support the feasibility and potential effectiveness of the day patient treatment programme for traumatic grief. The programme appears to be particularly suitable for refugees with severe PTSD and PCBD psychopathology, who may not benefit enough from usual care.

Planteamiento: Las personas en duelo que han perdido a un ser querido en circunstancias traumáticas pueden desarrollar síntomas del trastorno por duelo complejo persistente (TDCP) y/o trastorno por estrés postraumático (TEPT). Esto es particularmente habitual en refugiados, ya que con frecuencia se han enfrentado a múltiples pérdidas traumáticas. Se desarrolló un programa de tratamiento para pacientes con TEPT grave y duelo traumático que incluía terapia individual centrada en el duelo traumático dentro de un programa grupal multidisciplinario de tratamiento de día. El tratamiento de día consistía en un programa semanal de cinco horas que constaba de tres fases, con una duración de cuatro meses cada una. Objetivo: Evaluar la viabilidad y la eficacia potencial del programa de tratamiento. Métodos: Se analizaron los datos de dieciséis participantes tratados entre octubre de 2013 y marzo de 2014. Se midió la gravedad del TEPT y los diagnósticos de TEPT / TDCP durante las fases inicial y final del tratamiento utilizando la Escala de TEPT administrada por el clínico para el DSM-IV (CAPS, siglas en inglés de Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV) y el Autoinforme del inventario de duelo traumático (TGI-SR, siglas en inglés de Traumatic Grief Inventory Self Report). Se presenta con más detalle un caso clínico. También se registró la asistencia al tratamiento y se evaluó la satisfacción del terapeuta en un grupo focal. Resultados: Trece pacientes (81%) completaron el tratamiento. A cada día del programa de tratamiento asistió una media del 76% de los participantes. En el grupo focal, los terapeutas observaron reducción de síntomas en sus pacientes y, por lo tanto, consideraron la psicoterapia ecléctica breve para el duelo traumático (BEP-TG, siglas en inglés de Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy for Traumatic Grief) como una terapia eficaz para sus pacientes. Durante el tratamiento, se observaron reducciones significativas de la gravedad del TEPT, así como de los diagnósticos de TEPT y TDCP. Conclusión: Los resultados apoyan la viabilidad y la eficacia potencial del programa de tratamiento de día para duelo traumático. El programa parece ser particularmente adecuado para refugiados con una psicopatología grave de TEPT y TDCP, que pueden que no se beneficien lo suficiente de asistencia médica frecuente.